Proteinuria
Proteinuria refers to the presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine. Normally, the kidneys filter blood to retain proteins, allowing only waste and excess fluid to be excreted. When the kidneys are damaged or there’s an underlying condition, proteins like albumin may leak into the urine.
Symptoms
Often asymptomatic, but in severe cases:
- Foamy or frothy urine | Fatigue
- Swelling in hands, feet, or face (edema) | Loss of appetite
Causes of Proteinuria
- Temporary (Transient) Proteinuria:
- Strenuous exercise
- Fever or infection
- Dehydration
- Stress
- Persistent Proteinuria (Underlying Conditions):
- Kidney Diseases: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome
- Diabetes: Diabetic nephropathy
- Hypertension: High blood pressure damaging kidney filters
- Infections: Urinary tract or kidney infections
- Autoimmune Disorders: Lupus or amyloidosis
- Pregnancy: Preeclampsia or eclampsia
Diagnosis
- Urine Tests:
- Dipstick Test: Preliminary test to detect protein.
- 24-Hour Urine Collection: Measures the total protein excreted in a day.
- Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR): A specific measure of albumin levels.
- Blood Tests: To check kidney function (e.g., creatinine, BUN levels).
- Imaging: Ultrasound or CT scan for kidney structure.
- Kidney Biopsy: In cases of suspected kidney disease.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause:
- Lifestyle Changes:
- Low-salt, low-protein diet.
- Regular exercise and weight management.
- Smoking cessation and alcohol reduction.
- Medications:
- ACE Inhibitors/ARBs: To protect kidney function and reduce protein leakage.
- Diuretics: To manage swelling.
- Blood Sugar Control: For diabetes-related proteinuria.
- Blood Pressure Management: To prevent kidney damage.
- Treat Underlying Conditions: Antibiotics for infections or immunosuppressants for autoimmune diseases.
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